Helicobacter ________ causes >90% of duodenal ulcers and up to 80% of gastric ulcers.
___________ is a type of mutation involving the loss of genetic material.
A ___________ trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene.
The odds ratio for matched pairs is the ratio of the ___________ pairs.
A problem posed in many epidemiologic studies is that we observe a true association and are tempted to suggest a causal inference when in fact, the relationship may not be causal.
A __________ association is false of 'not real.'
Matching is an approach to confounding that is used in the ________ phase of a study.
True of false: The absence of a dose-response relationship rules out causal relationship.
In 1840 __________ proposed postulates for causation that were expanded by Koch in the 1880s.
Verticales
The plural of locus is ________.
Biases reflect inadequacies in the design or conduct of a study, and clearly affect the ___________ of the findings.
Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease.
In November 1989, the dramatic reductions in #s of cases of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) following the nationwide recall by the US FDA of over-the-counter preparations of L-tryptophan was an example of the 'guideline for judging whether an observed association is causal' called '_________ of exposure.'
______________ refers to the study of the entire genome of an organism.
Bias in interviewing, surveillance bias, and recall bias are each types of ____________ bias.
Regarding the odds ratio, if exposure is negatively related to the disease (i.e. protective), the odds ratio will be ______ than one.
The causal relationship that characterizes the relationship between the presence of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells in the body and the disease ______ is 'necessary, but not sufficient.'
Relative risk is valuable in etiologic studies of disease, whereas ___________ risk has major applications in clinical practice and public health.
A natural experiment is an '___________ experiment.'
If a factor is a cause of a disease, we would expect the ________ of disease to decline when exposure to the factor is either reduced or eliminated.
Randomized __________ are considered to be the 'gold standard' in epidemiologic studies.
True of false:
Although Koch's postulates are useful for both infectious and noninfectious diseases.
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