Punishment that occurs independent
of the social mediation by others (i.e., a response product
serves as a punisher independent of the social environment
Reinforcement that occurs independent of the social mediation of others (e.g., scratching
an insect bite relieves the itch)
A set of stimuli that share a common relationship. All stimuli in an antecedent stimulus
class evoke the same operant behavior, or elicit the same
respondent behavior
Extinction procedures can lead to very
dangerous side-effects in terms of the
behavioral components of the extinction
burst, as well as failure to replace
extinguished behavior with some other,
more adaptive behavior
An outcome or result that appears to exist because of
the way it is measured but in fact does not correspond to
what actually occurred
In addition to legal and ethical
ramifications, there are clinical sideeffects to the use of punishment
procedures (e.g., avoidance behavior,
counter-aggression, learned
helplessness, accidental negative
reinforcement of the punishing behavior
of the clinician)
In general, an unpleasant or noxious stimulus; more technically, a stimulus change or condition that
functions (a) to evoke a behavior that has terminated it in
the past
Verticales
Antecedent stimuli that evoke the
same response but do not resemble each other in physical
form or share a relational aspect such as bigger or under
(e.g., peanuts, cheese, coconut milk, and chicken breasts
are members of an arbitrary stimulus class if they evoke the
response “sources of protein”)
Reinforcement can often be used in an
inefficient manner, with unexpected side
effects (for example, satiation, difficulty
transitioning back from reinforcing
activities, accidentally reducing the
probability of other
A three-phase experimental design that begins
with the treatment condition. After steady state responding has been obtained during the initial treatment phase
(B), the treatment variable is withdrawn (A) to see whether
responding changes in the absence of the independent variable.
A secondary verbal operant in which some aspect
of a speaker’s own verbal behavior functions as an SD or
an MO for additional speaker verbal behavior.
Anyone who functions as a discriminative stimulus
evoking verbal behavior. Different audiences may control
different verbal behavior about the same topic because of
a differential reinforcement history
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It prints on two pages.
Big puzzles won’t always print on one page — the clues and grid are the smallest we could make them while keeping them readable for everyone.
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