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CKD, Hypertension and Type 2 Diabetes

Horizontales
A condition that occurs when one's blood sugar is lower than normal, usually less than 70 mg/dL. Signs include hunger, nervousness, shakiness, perspiration, dizziness or light-headedness, sleepiness, and confusion.
Another name for high blood pressure. It can lead to severe health complications and increase the risk of heart disease, stroke, and sometimes death. Blood pressure is the force that a person's blood exerts against the walls of their blood vessels.
ACE inhibitors have been used for years as standard of care to reduce the rate of diabetic nephropathy progression in patients with type 2 diabetes. In addition, ACEIs and ARBs enhance insulin sensitivity and therefore benefit patients at high risk of developing type 2 diabetes.
the recommended screening and monitoring test for albuminuria. This test is also known as albumin-creatinine ratio, ACR, microalbumin, or albumin (urine).
cellular damage caused by free radicals produced in oxidation; the most important are superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, and hydroxyl ions; they are produced by normal metabolism and in reaction to cellular injury
a hormone produced in the pancreas by the islets of Langerhans, which regulates the amount of glucose in the blood. The lack of insulin causes a form of diabetes.
A steroid hormone made by the adrenal cortex; it helps control the balance of water and salts in the kidney by keeping sodium in and releasing K+ from the body. Too much aldosterone can cause high blood pressure and a build-up of fluid in body tissues.
A high level of lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides, or both) or a low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level.
Verticales
When there is too much albumin protein in the urine (may sometimes be called “proteinuria,” although “proteinuria” also applies to proteins other than albumin). In healthy kidneys, proteins will not pass from the blood into the urine, but in a damaged kidney they will.
A condition caused by damage to blood vessels in the brain; may cause loss of ability to speak or to move parts of the body.
A higher than normal level of potassium in the blood. Although mild cases may not produce symptoms and may be easy to treat, severe cases of hyperkalemia that are left untreated can lead to fatal cardiac arrhythmias, which are abnormal heart rhythms.
When there is too much albumin protein in the urine (may sometimes be called “proteinuria,” although “proteinuria” also applies to proteins other than albumin). In healthy kidneys, proteins will not pass from the blood into the urine, but in a damaged kidney they will.
The repair and replacement of inflamed tissues or organs by connective tissues. The process results in the replacement of normal cells by fibroblasts (and, eventually, the replacement of normal organ tissue by scar tissue
The technical term for high blood glucose (blood sugar). Hyperglycemia happens when the body has too little insulin or when the body cannot use insulin properly.
Occurs when CKD reaches an advanced state, leading to the need for a regular course of long-term dialysis or a kidney transplant to maintain life.