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Oxygenation and Circulation

Horizontales
pressure within arteries that ventricles must overcome to push blood into circulation Left ventricle must work harder than right
impaired blood flow due to obstruction
Difficulty breathing while lying down
Pulmonary congestion Adventitious breath sounds Shortness of breath Dyspnea on exertion Increased HR Increased RR Nocturia Othopnea Distended neck veins
In clients with emphysema, O2 concentration affects respiration more strongly (hypoxic drive) because of constant buildup of CO2 in blood
pulses, pain, paresthesias, pallor, coolness, decreased hair distribution
Improves pulmonary ventilation Counteracts effects of anesthesia or hypoventilation Loosens respiratory secretions Facilitates respiratory gaseous exchange Expands collapsed alveoli
degree of stretch of ventricles at end of diastole; depends largely on blood return from veins Increased volume -> more forceful contraction of heart (Frank-Starling law)
most common cause of impaired blood flow to organs and tissues Vessels narrow and become constricted Distal tissues receive less oxygen and nutrients Coronary arteries most affected; obstruction leads to myocardial ischemia and may lead to angina pectoris or myocardial infarctions (MI)
reduced oxygen level in blood; may be caused conditions that impair alveolar-capillary diffusion Increased CO and HR (e.g., pulmonary edema
Can develop if heart not able to keep up with body’s need for oxygen and nutrients Usually occurs because of MI May result from chronic overwork of heart Left-sided heart failure can result in pulmonary edema
Verticales
Cardiac output, erythrocytes and hematocrit and exercise
Chest pain Substernal and/or radiating to left arm or jaw Nausea Shortness of breath Diaphoresis
Gas exchange occurs here through diffusion
Difficulty breathing SOB Nostril flaring Increased HR
Maintains moist mucous membranes to aid removal of secretions Normal secretions thin, easily moved by ciliary action When dehydrated, secretions tenacious Humidifier Fluids as much as client tolerates
amount of blood ejected from the heart each minute
Clear airways, intact CNS, ability of thorax to expand and contract, good lung compliance and recoil