____ chaining is a procedure in which training begins with the first link in the behavior chain and then adds the subsequent links in order.
____ chaining is a procedure in which training begins with the last link in a behavior chain and then adds the preceding links in reverse order.
According to the ____ principle, more probable behaviors can reinforce less probable behaviors.
____ behavior is any behavior that occurs repeatedly even though it does not produce the reinforcers that maintain it.
Previous experience with escapable shocks can prevent learned helplessness from developing after experience with inescapable shocks. Martin Seligman refers to this as "____" training.
Defined in the textbook as "the tendency to give up on a problem as a result of previous exposure to insoluble problems." (Originally observed in dogs who were exposed to inescapable shocks.)
According to response-deprivation theory, any given animal has an ideal way that it would prefer to distribute its behaviors when it is allowed to choose those behaviors freely. This is called the animal's ____.
An ____ operation is a motivating operation that increases the effectiveness of a consequence.
An ____ response is a behavior that terminates an aversive stimulus (such as an electric shock) after that stimulus has already occurred.
____ reinforcers (or "automatic" reinforcers) are events that follow spontaneously from a behavior and do not have to be arranged to occur.
An ____ response is a behavior that prevents an aversive stimulus (such as an electric chock) from occurring.
____ reinforcers (or "artificial" reinforcers) are events that are deliberately arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying a behavior.
The term "____" refers to the gap in time between a behavior and a reinforcer, with immediate reinforcers tending to be more effective than delayed reinforcers.
Verticales
Clark Hull believed that animals and people behave because of aversive motivational states called "____."
An ____ operation is a motivating operation that decreases the effectiveness of a consequence.
The first step in chaining is to break the task down into its component elements. This procedure is called ____.
____ reinforcers (or "unconditioned" reinforcers) are innately reinforcing, meaning that they do not depend on any prior learning experiences.
Operant conditioning is also known as "____" conditioning.
A ____ stimulus (or "antecedent") is a stimulus that indicates whether or not a particular behavior will be followed by a particular consequence.
A major neurotransmitter that is heavily involved in the "reward pathway," especially when a reinforcer is unexpected.
Last name of the American psychologist who formulated the "law of effect."
If a response makes a reinforcer more likely to occur, then we would say that there is a "____" between the response and the reinforcer.
B.F. Skinner defined "____" as an application of operant conditioning that involves the "differential reinforcement of successive approximations of a desired behavior."
____ reinforcers (or "conditioned" reinforcers) are not innately reinforcing; rather, they acquire reinforcing properties through their association with other reinforcers.
"____" is said to have occurred when the solution to a problem appears suddenly, such as when we suddenly think "Aha! That's it!"
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