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361_trials

Horizontales
This type of study design is considered to be the "gold standard" for basing conclusions about causal relationships. Adjective.
This is the most useful study design for evaluating the efficacy of preventative and therapeutic interventions. Adjective.
Examples of applications of this ethical principle for guiding research are acts of kindness or charity that go beyond strict obligation, and actions taken for the benefit of others (ps. 167, 168, 169).
This type of experimental trial is used to assess new treatment methods (pgs. 160, 320).
This randomized study design called a ____-in design is useful in behavioral intervention studies in which all participants (subjects) are placed on a placebo (an intervention) and then, after a short time period, those who are compliant with the program are randomly assigned to the different levels of intervention (pgs. 165, 319).
Relatively large randomized blinded trials that test the effect of the therapy on clinical outcomes (pgs. 163, 317).
The variation of the randomized controlled trial that balances confounding variables between comparison groups is the ___________ design. (pg. 166)
The ________ syphilis study was a prospective study from 1932 until 1977 that lacked informed consent, lacked medical interventions, and falsely led the men in the study to believe that they were receiving free treatments (pgs. 166, 167, 320).
Each replication (repetition) of an experiment that can be repeated is called a(an) ________.
This is the type of randomized study design in which two or more series of treatments are tried in all combinations in a single cohort of participants (pgs. 165, 313).
This is the type of experimental study that helps evaluate the efficacy of preventative measures (pgs. 160, 318).
This is the type of inference, i.e., a(an) __________ inference, or conclusion about the presence of a health-related state of event and the reasons for its existence (pgs. 178, 310). Adjective.
This "Phase" of an epidemiologic experimental trial is a small study (typically fewer that 30 patients) that is neither blinded nor controlled, but is conducted to determine the safety of an intervention. (pgs. 162, 317)
An example of application of this ethical principle for guiding research is ensuring equitable access to benefits of the research (p. 168, Table 8-2).
Verticales
This is the most useful study design for supporting cause-effect relationships. Adjective
This ethical principle incorporates at least two ethical convictions, i.e., that individuals should be treated as autonomous agents, and that persons with diminished autonomy are entitled to protection.
"In the United States, the Public Health Service Act of 1985 ratified the establishment of Institutional _________ Boards (IRBs)" to review at the institution level plans for research involving human subjects (pg.166).
A ______-blinded study design allows neither participants nor investigators to be aware of who is receiving the placebo, and analyses are done blind to investigators (pg. 162)
The first step for designing a randomized controlled trial is to selecting the __________. (pg. 162)
Unblinded and uncontrolled studies involving a few volunteers to test the safety of an intervention (pgs. 162, 317).
In this type of study researchers evaluate effects of an assigned intervention on an outcome.
An inference or conclusion made about a population based on sampled data (pgs. 174, 320). Adjective.
This type of experimental trial evaluates a group, e.g., a city, a school, a classroom (pgs. 160, 311).
This epidemiologic study design aims to answer two or more separate research questions in a single cohort of participants (pgs. 165, 313)
This principle for guiding research involving human participants states that vulnerable populations who are incapable of providing informed consent are not to be used in research.
This "randomized ________ pairs" study design is for paired comparisons in which the assignment of participants to treatment or control is not completely at random, but the randomization is restricted to occur separately with each pair (pgs. 165, 318).
______ IV experimental trials are large randomized studies or observational studies conducted after the therapy has been approved by the FDA to assess the rate of serious side effects and to explore further therapeutic uses (pgs. 163, 317).