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Vascular Access Complications

Horizontales
Can develop as a result of a narrowing of the access and occurs most frequently at the point of anastamosis
Can develop as a result of slow blood flow, low blood pressure, dehydration, or pressure on the access (i.e. carrying heavy items over access, improper clamp use)
Can develop as a result of congestive heart failure with the rapid shunting of arterial blood to the heart through the vascular access
Can develop as a result of an unsealed needle puncture site whereby blood pools under the skin and outside the access. Balloon like and should never be cannulated
Can develop as a result of cannulating an aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm, or if a patient has refused to receive surgical intervention to repair an aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm. It is life-threatening and requires immediate attention as a patient can exsanguinate within 3-5 minutes causing death
Can develop from an aneurysm or pseudoaneurysm and is the result of skin not healing completely over the vascular access
Can develop as a result of decreased blood flow to extremity. Symptoms include pain, tingling, coldness, numbness, blue fingertips or fingers, black (necrotic) spots on the hands or fingers
Verticales
Can develop as a result of poor aseptic technique prior to cannulation and from poor cannulation technique. It can also result in sepsis and hospitalization with the possibilities of loss of access, extremity, and loss of life
Can develop as a result of a weakening in the wall of an artery, vein, or graft. It is a balloon like swelling that should never be cannulated
Can develop as a result of the needle tip entering the access and puncturing through the other side. A hematoma will result as the blood escapes the access and leaks into the patient's tissue. It can cause pain, swelling, and can contribute to a clotted (thrombosed) access
Can develop as a result of long term central venous catheter placement; most commonly observed with the subclavian vein
Can develop as a result of repeated cannulation in the same general area of the vascular access and results in graft degeneration
Can develop as a result of improper needle placement (i.e. needles placed too closely together) and results in decreased adequacy and can be detected through FMS access flow monitoring