This is the European name for Ibn Sina, a medical authority in both the Islamic world and the West.
After this animal was domesticated in the first millennium B.C., the Arabs populated more of the desert.
This dynasty was established by Mu'awiyah and its capital was in Damascus instead of Medinah.
The Quran granted women ****** and social equality with men.
Meaning "holder of power," the military and political head of state under the Seljuk Turks and the Ottomans.
A law code drawn up by Muslim scholars after Muhammad's death; it provided believers with a set of practical laws to regulate their daily lives.
An instrument used by sailors to determine their location by observing the positions of stars.
A pilgrimage to Mecca, one of the requirements of the Five Pillars of Islam.
Like the Israelites and the Assyrians, the early Arabs were a ******* speaking people.
This is the holy book of Islam.
Like Christianity and Judaism, Islam is a ******* religion.
"Struggle in the way of God."
Known as the "City of Peace,' it was the Abbasid capital; it was probably the greatest city in the Arab Empire and one of the greatest cities in the world.
The concept that Christians and Jews could practice their own religions under Islam, but they were subjected to some regulations, such as paying special taxes.
They built a new capital city at Baghdad, on the Tigris River, in 762.
A nomadic Arab who lives in the Arabian, Syrian, or North African deserts.
The tower of a mosque from which a person calls Muslims to prayer five times a day.
Located at Mecca, this is the holiest shrine of the Islamic faith.
The ruler of an Arabic tribe, chosen from one of the leading families by a council of elders.
A Muslim group that accepts only the descendants of the Umayyads as the true rulers of Islam; they are a majority in the Muslim world.
The office or dominion of a caliph.
A successor of Muhammad as spiritual and temporal leader of the Muslims.