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Ch 21 Climates and Biomes for Maps

Horizontales
A partially enclosed coastal body of brackish water with one or more rivers or streams flowing into it, and with a free connection to the open sea. These form a transition zone between river environments and maritime environments.
Also referred to a Mangroves. These are extremely wet area
Generally these regions are devoid of trees. Some regions support savanna conditions characterized by sparse individuals or clusters of trees. this biome is defined by large areas of land that do not receive enough rainfall to support extensive tree cover.
A continental climate with long, cold (often very cold) winters, and short, warm to cool summers. It is found on large landmasses, often away from the moderating effects of an ocean, generally at latitudes from 50°N to 70°N, poleward of the humid continental climates.
These regions are characterized by a lack of warm summers but with varying winters. Every month a polar climate has an average temperature of less than 10 °C (50 °F). Regions with a polar climate cover more than 20% of the Earth's area. Most of these regions are far from the equator and near the poles, and in this case, winter days are extremely short and summer days are extremely long (could last for the entirety of each season or longer). A polar climate consists of cool summers and very cold winters (or, in the case of ice cap climates, no real summer at all), which results in treeless tundra, glaciers, or a permanent or semi-permanent layer of ice
Also known as tropical rainforests, are one of the world’s most important and unique ecosystems. They are characterized by their dense vegetation, high levels of biodiversity, and significant role in the global environment. These forests are found near the equator, where the climate is consistently warm and wet throughout the year.
A part of a sea, lake, or river that is close to the shore. In coastal ecology, this includes the intertidal zone extending from the high water mark (which is rarely inundated), to coastal areas that are permanently submerged — known as the foreshore — and the terms are often used interchangeably.
A forest found between the tropical and boreal regions, located in the temperate zone. It is the second largest terrestrial biome, covering 25% of the world's forest area, only behind the boreal forest, which covers about 33%.
At depths of 4,000–6,000 m (13,000–20,000 ft), this zone remains in perpetual darkness. It covers 83% of the total area of the ocean and 60% of Earth's surface.This zone has temperatures around 2–3 °C (36–37 °F) through the large majority of its mass. The water pressure can reach up to 76 MPa (750 atm; 11,000 psi).
Verticales
It is shaped by a Mediterranean climate (mild wet winters and hot dry summers) and infrequent, high-intensity crown fires. This climate features hard sclerophyllous evergreen leaves, as contrasted with the associated soft-leaved, drought-deciduous, scrub community of coastal sage scrub, found often on drier, southern facing slopes. The name comes from the Spanish word 'chaparro', which translates to "place of the scrub oak".
Environments characterized as having extreme wet seasons and dry seasons. They can receive over four feet of rain during the wet season, and as little as a few inches during the dry. Due to this lack of precipitation, it can be very difficult for large plants like trees to grow.,
Areas of open grassy plains that are sparsely populated with trees. Various names of temperate grasslands include pampas, downs, and veldts. Temperatures vary with seasons with tornadoes, blizzards, and fires
Dominated by deciduous trees which lose their leaves seasonally. These forests, are also known as dry forests. Another name for these forests is broad-leaf forests because of the wide, flat leaves on the trees. Trees of these forests lose their leaves in the fall and regrow them in the spring.
A typical climate for elevations above the tree line, where trees fail to grow due to cold. This climate is also referred to as a mountain climate or highland climate.
A landscape where little precipitation occurs on one side of a mountain range. The lack of vegetation exposes the unprotected surface of the ground to denudation and high temperatures. About one-third of the land surface of the Earth is arid or semi-arid. This includes much of the polar regions, where little precipitation occurs, and which are sometimes called polar deserts or "cold deserts".
Areas separating mountains from lower flat areas. Areas convenient for chaparrals and savanna to grow and thrive
Areas of high altitude environments generally caused by geological uplifts. They create and shape there own weather patterns by promoting rain on one side and blocking rain on the other