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Theories of Development

ASSIGNMENT #1A
Horizontales
Erikson's theory of development.
Disguising threatening impulses by attributing them to others. Example: A man with powerful unconscious sexual desires for women claims that women use him as a sex object.
Person feels more at home with the world of objects and other people, and is more concerned with their impact upon the world. The extravert, by contrast, is characterized by outgoingness, responsiveness to other persons, activity, aggressiveness, and the ability to make quick decisions.
Number of stages are in Erikson's Theory of development.
Diverting threatening impulses away from the source of the anxiety and toward a more acceptable source. Example: A student who is angry at her professor for a low grade lashes out at her roommate, who is a safer target of her anger.
Children primarily learn about their environment through their senses and motor activities.
Children are more capable of solving problems because they can consider numerous outcomes and perspectives
Generating self-justifying explanations for our negative behaviors. Example: A drama student convinces herself that getting the part in the play wasn’t that important after all.
Retreating to an earlier, more childlike, and safer stage of development. Example: A university student who is worried about an important test begins to suck on his finger.
Children tend to consider their own viewpoint and perspective.
Fixation on genitals (3.5 – 6 yrs): Pleasure comes from the genitals, and the conflict is with sexual desires for the opposite-sex parent.
Verticales
Holds the internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from our parents and society (our sense of right and wrong).
Channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive desires into acceptable activities. Example: A person participates in sports to sublimate aggressive drives. A person creates music or art to sublimate sexual drives.
Repressed sexual urges (6 yrs- puberty): Sexual feelings are less important.
Awakened sexual urges (puberty onwards). If prior stages have been properly reached, mature sexual orientation develops.
Pushing anxiety-arousing thoughts into the unconscious. Example: A person who witnesses his parents having sex is later unable to remember anything about the event.
The internalization or reproduction of behaviors observed in others, such as a child developing the behavior of his or her parents without conscious realization of this process. Identification is also known as introjection.
Operates based on the reality principle, which strives to satisfy the id's desires in realistic and socially appropriate ways.
Pleasure comes from the mouth in the form of sucking, biting, and chewing.
Person who is more comfortable with the inner world of thoughts and feelings, so they will see the world in terms of how it affects them.
Operates based on the pleasure principle, which demands immediate gratification of needs.
Holding or discarding feces (18months-3.5 yrs): Pleasure comes from bowel and bladder elimination and the constraints of toilet training.