This type of bias occurs when a screening test identifies an illness that would not have shown clinical signs before the individual's death due to other causes. The odds ratio will be biased upward because b is too small and d is too small. 8.4.1.5 p.163.
An infectious agent that is associated with the definitive onset of a specific disease is considered to be a(an) ___________ factor.
An age-adjusted rate is the rate that would have resulted if the population of interest had the same age distribution as a reference (__________) population.
__________ disease is also called overdiagnosis.
The best epidemiologic study design to establish a cause-effect relationship is the ______________, double-blind experimental study.
_____________ is the act of organizing data into distinct groups or strata.
When asymptomatic carriers of cholera were identified, _________ abandoned his first postulate that stated "The microorganism must be found in abundance in all organisms suffering from the disease but should not be found in healthy organisms."
An age-adjusted rate is the rate that would have resulted if the population of interest had the same age distribution as a reference (__________) population.
A graphic, pictorial, or paradigm representation of complex sets of events or conditions caused by an array of activities connected to a common core or common experience or event is called a ___________ of causation.
Verticales
Matching forces the distribution of the potential ______________ to be similar between cases and controls. (Text: 8.8.1.2-pg. 169 and 7.3.1.8 pg. 148)
_____________ error is an incorrect result due to bias that involves sources of variation that misrepresent the truth in one direction.
Among Hill's criteria for a causal association, this criterion states that in order for an exposure to cause a disease, the exposure must precede the disease.
A _________ indicator is a marker of health status (physical or mental disease, impairments or disability, and social well-being), service provision, or resource availability).
Improved survival of individuals with cancer or other diseases because of a change in the staging system or more sensitive testing that allows the disease detection at an earlier stage is called stage ____________ bias.
The cause-effect diagram that provides "a visual presentation of all possible factors that could contribute to a disease, disability, or death," is also referred to as a _____________ diagram.
This type of bias occurs when more sensitive testing allows a disease to be detected at an earlier stage and, subsequently, leads to a systematic error of apparent increased survival time.
Any systematic error in a study in which there is a deviation of the results from the truth.
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