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AMERICAN GOVERNMENT CHAPTER 3

Horizontales
shared state and federal powers that range from taxing, borrowing, and making and enforcing laws to establishing court systems
an institutional arrangement that creates two relatively autonomous levels of government, each possessing the capacity to act directly on the people with authority granted by the national constitution
a type of grant that comes with less stringent federal administrative conditions and provide recipients more latitude over how to spend grant funds
a style of federalism in which the states and national government exercise exclusive authority in distinctly delineated spheres of jurisdiction, creating a layer-cake view of federalism
a process in which the national government attaches new administrative requirements to block grants or supplants them with new categorical grants
a legislative action declaring someone guilty without a trial; prohibited under the Constitution
Verticales
a federal transfer formulated to limit recipients’ discretion in the use of funds and subject them to strict administrative criteria
a law that criminalizes an act retroactively; prohibited under the Constitution
a style of federalism in which both levels of government coordinate their actions to solve national problems, leading to the blending of layers as in a marble cake
a process in which powers from the central government in a unitary system are delegated to subnational units
a doctrine promoted by John Calhoun of South Carolina in the 1830s, asserting that if a state deems a federal law unconstitutional, it can nullify it within its borders
the last clause of Article I, Section 8, which enables the national government “to make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying” out all its constitutional responsibilities