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Chapter 19 - Earthquakes

Horizontales
seismic wave that causes rock particles to move at right angles to the direc- tion of the wave, known as an S-wave.
permanent deformation caused by strain when stress exceeds a certain value.
seismic wave that squeezes and pushes rocks in the same direction that the wave travels, known as a P-wave.
place along an active fault that has not experienced an earthquake for a long time.
the vibrations of the ground during an earthquake.
measures earthquake intensity on a scale from I to XII; the higher the number, the greater the damage the earthquake has caused.
large, powerful ocean wave generated by the vertical motions of the seafloor during an earthquake; in shallow water, can form huge, fast-moving breakers exceeding 30 m in height that can damage coastal areas.
fracture or system of fractures in Earth’s crust that occurs when stress is applied too quickly or stress is too great; can form as a result of hori- zontal compression (reverse fault) , horizontal shear (strike-slip fault) , or horizontal tension (normal fault) .
the size of the seismic waves; an increase of 1 in the scale represents an increase in amplitude of a factor of 10.
forces per unit area that act on a material—compression, tension, and shear.
Verticales
causes materials to bend and stretch; proportional to stress, so if the stress is reduced or returns to zero the strain or deforma- tion is reduced or disappears.
point on Earth’s surface directly above the focus of an earthquake.
seis- mic vibrations in areas of fluid saturated sand can cause the ground to behave like a liquid.
instru- ment used to measure horizontal or vertical motion during an earthquake.
deformation of materials in response to stress.
numerical rating system used to measure the amount of energy released during an earthquake.
record pro- duced by a seismometer that can provide individual tracking of each type of seismic wave.
measure of the energy released during an earthquake, which can be described using the Richter scale.
point of the initial fault rupture where an earthquake originates that usually lies at least several kilometers beneath Earth’s surface.