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361 Chs 7-11 Sp23

Horizontales
Group matching consists of selecting the controls in such a manner that the proportion of controls with a certain characteristic is ___________ to the proportion of cases with the same characteristic.
The first approach in determining whether an association exists may be a study of ___________ characteristics by carrying out a(an) ecologic study.
Zika virus is transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes and it was originally isolated from a rhesus monkey in the _______ forest in Uganda.
The purpose of a double-blind study is to avoid observer and _____________ bias.
In a cohort study, if the person who decides whether the disease has developed in each subject also knows whether that subject was exposed, and knows the hypothesis being tested, that person's judgement as to whether the disease developed may be biased by that knowledge, that type of bias is called _____________ bias.
The major purpose of random assignment in a clinical trial is to __________ selection bias in the allocation of treatment.
The best study design to use when the disease or health-related outcome (case) is rare is a(an) ____________-control study.
A synonym for a "randomized trial" is a(an) "experimental ________." (TABLE 7.11)
In a randomized trial, a planned crossover design diminishes the ______________ of the study's results.
True or false: The net effect of noncompliance on a randomized trial's results is an increase in observed differences, moving the difference toward the null because the treatment group will include some who did not receive the therapy, and the no-treatment group may include some who received the treatment.
A cross-sectional study is also called a "________________" study.
The randomized trial (or randomized clinical trial) is the "__________" standard for studying interventions, such as investigating the effects of receiving an experimental treatment.
The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (_________) vaccination offers protection against tuberculosis.
The infectious form of the fluke Schistosoma that is a free-swimming larva.
Verticales
"________-ins" are individuals in randomized trials who inadvertently take the agent (or drug) assigned to the other study group.
The type of study design in which a case serves as their own control is called a case-__________ study.
Because randomized trials usually study volunteers, their external validity tends to be _______ than that of observational studies.
As the US Food and Drug Administration follows a standard sequence of four phases for testing and evaluating new pharmacologic agents, Phase IV studies are called postmarketing surveillance, because this Phase IV studies investigate side effects of a new treatment _______ the drug has been marketed.
The process of selecting the controls so that they are similar to the cases in certain characteristics, such as age and, in our example in class, estrogen usage.
True or False: Interestingly, symptoms of schistosomiasis are not caused by the worms themselves but by the host's reaction to the eggs.
A factorial study design is a useful study design to use when the modes of action of two drugs are different and the anticipated outcomes for the two drugs are ____________.
The Framingham Study (of cardiovascular disease) that began in 1948 is a(an) _____________ cohort study.
True or false: A benefit of randomization is that the likelihood that the groups will be comparable is _____________.
____________ occurs in a clinical trial if there is inadequate time in the "washout period" to assure that first treatment (or therapy) has remained before the second treatment (or therapy) is started.
The intermediate hosts for Schistosoma are freshwater ____________.
True or false: Within the four phase sequence of testing by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to evaluate new agents (drugs), Phase IV studies are large, randomized trials to investigate the safety and potential side effects of the new treatment.
Within the four phase sequence of testing by the U.S. ______ to evaluate new agents (drugs), Phase IV studies are large, randomized trials to investigate the safety and potential side effects of the new treatment.
The only difference between the designs for the prospective and retrospective or historical cohort study is ______________ time.
Schistosoma ________ are shed by the definitive host in the feces or urine (depending on the species of Schistosoma infecting the host).
A problem that arises in an ecologic study if we ascribe "to members of a group some characteristic that they in fact do not possess as an individuals" is called ecologic ________________. " (pg. 151)
Stratified randomization occurs _____________ the intervention in a clinical trial.
When compared with other types of epidemiologic studies, a nested case-control study minimizes possible selection and recall ________.