Any systematic error in the design, conduct, or analysis of a study that results in a mistaken estimate of an exposure's effect on the risk of disease.
Bias in interviewing, surveillance bias, and recall bias are each types of ____________ bias.
______________________ bias occurs when looking at health conditions that have differential intensity across populations, over time, or according to care setting or type of patient. As a result, any difference in frequency of the condition might not reflect a change in the actual risk of this condition but rather differences in the modality of detection or patient characteristics.
In November 1989, the dramatic reductions in #s of cases of eosinophilia-myalgia syndrome (EMS) following the nationwide recall by the US FDA of over-the-counter preparations of L-tryptophan was an example of the 'guideline for judging whether an observed association is causal' called '_________ of exposure.'
If a factor is a cause of a disease, we would expect the ________ of disease to decline when exposure to the factor is either reduced or eliminated.
The causal relationship that characterizes the relationship between the presence of viable Mycobacterium tuberculosis cells in the body and the disease ______ is 'necessary, but not sufficient.'
Randomized __________ are considered to be the 'gold standard' in epidemiologic studies.
A ___________ trait is one whose phenotype is influenced by more than one gene.
______________ refers to the study of the entire genome of an organism.
The usual first step in carrying out new studies, such as cohort and case-control studies, is _________________ observation(s).
Regarding the Guidelines for Judging Whether an Observed Association is Causal and the evidence that Helicobacter pylori is a causative agent of duodenal _________, the finding that H. pylori has binding sites on antral cells and can follow these cells into the duodenum provides evidence for biologic plausibility.
Matching is an approach to confounding that is used in the ________ phase of a study.
Regarding guidelines for evaluation of evidence of a causal relationship in developing recommendations on the effectiveness of prenatal interventions, an intervention can be considered evidence of a reduction in risk of disease or abnormality only if the intervention was applied ____________ the time the disease or abnormality would have developed.
Regarding the nine guidelines for judging whether an observed association is causal, the temporal relationship of exposure and disease is important not only for clarifying the order in which the two occur but also in regard to the __________ of the interval between exposure and disease.
Regarding the odds ratio, if exposure is negatively related to the disease (i.e. protective), the odds ratio will be ______ than one.
True or false: Koch's Postulates stated that the organism is always found with the disease (in the diseased individual) and not found with any other disease.
Where is my puzzle?