O único meio processual do processo administrativo. Este meio tutela alguns dos mais importantes direitos subjetivos das relações administrativas, tendo um vasto âmbito de aplicação e permitindo a formulação de uma grande variedade de pedidos, correspondendo a uma diversidade de efeitos das sentenças. Na sua versão originária tinha duas modalidades (comum e especial), porém, com a revisão de 2015, passaram a constituir uma única forma de processo, um modelo único de tramitação.
Nome atribuído aos titulares de interesses contrapostos aos do autor, que devem ser demandados, além da entidade que praticou ou se pretende que pratique o ato em causa, tanto nos processos de impugnação de atos administrativos, como nos processos de condenação à prática de atos administrativos.
Enunciação da forma de tutela jurisdicional pretendida pelo autor e do conteúdo e objeto do direito a tutelar.
Consequência da titularidade de poderes e deveres no âmbito de uma relação jurídica processual.
Consubstancia-se nos factos lesivos ao particular, que o levaram a ir a juízo.
Surge em 2015, na sequência da revisão do CPA, alterando somente algumas formulações, sem fazer alterações de fundo. Valorizaram-se, aqui, as Providências Cautelares, estabelecendo regras para o juíz as decidir.
Dizem respeito a um grande número de destinatários, convidando-os a adir em conjunto, acontecendo nos casos dispostos no artigo 99º/1 CPTA, e tendo de haver mais de 50 participantes a intervir.
Defende que o aspeto, da relação jurídica substantiva entre as partes, que releva é o modo como a parte qualifica juridicamente aquilo que leva a juízo, o Pedido.
Verticales
Defende que o aspeto, da relação jurídica substantiva entre as partes, que releva são os factos levados a juízo, independentemente das qualificações jurídicas, a Causa de Pedir.
Trata-se de uma tutela urgente, que se aproxima de uma tutela cautelar por serem processos concebidos para dar respostas rápidas e céleres aos processos. Afasta-se, porém, da tutela cautelar, pelos processos urgentes decidirem o fundo da causa, enquanto que os processos cautelares apenas os previnem. Este é um instrumento que se define pelo conteúdo imposição da tutela jurisdicional a que se dirige, cobrindo, de um modo transversal, todo o universo das relações jurídico-administrativas, e dirigem-se à emissão de uma imposição, constituindo uma pronúncia de condenação que, com carácter de urgência, é proferida no âmbito de um processo de cognição sumária.
Introduzidas no Contencioso Administrativo com a Reforma de 2014. Destinam-se a impedir que, durante a pendência do processo declarativo, se constitua uma situação irreversível ou se produzam danos de tal modo gravosos que ponham em perigo ou todo ou pelo menos em parte a utilidade da decisão que o autor pretende obter naquele processo.
Conforme refere o Professor Vasco Pereira da Silva, este é o resultado de uma situação em que o ato administrativo se encontra, sendo apenas uma noção processual. Qualquer ato em sentido substantivo estará sujeito a este “resultado” desde que seja lesivo.
Ação proposta por cidadãos na defesa de valores que interessam ao conjunto da comunidade, sem terem necessariamente de respeitar individualmente aos autores.
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