este filósofo ve al ser humano como un ser bueno que al nacer es como “una tabula rasa” es decir sin tendencia o prejuicio hacia el mal y que es a lo largo de la vida dependiendo de la familia, el ambiente y la educación que se va forjando la bondad o la maldad en la persona.
“los reyes son cosas sagradas y en ellos radica el poder de una manera absoluta, sin que los súbditos puedan rebelarse contra él; pero no obstante lo anterior, el monarca debe obedecer las leyes”.
aporta el concepto específico de soberanía como cualidad esencial de un Estado al afirmar que sólo el Estado tiene un poder soberano entendiendo a la soberanía como “la potencia absoluta y perpetua de una República”.
primero en afirmar en el siglo XIV la superioridad del poder del Estado sobre el poder de la Iglesia. De igual forma el Imperio Romano Germánico también entró en lucha con el Papado afirmando la independencia del Estado frente a la Iglesia.
aquel que se basta a sí mismo para satisfacer las necesidades internas, esto es, la autarquía y no la soberanía para Grocio es la característica esencial del Estado.
todo poder viene de Dios, en tal sentido Dios es quien da el poder al Estado para actuarlo, lo confiere a uno o varios individuos que son los gobernantes, pero éstos también deben quedar sometidos a las leyes y no están por encima de ellas.
es el pacto social que conduce a dar al Estado que da fin a la guerra civil de todos contra todos. El poder para Hobbes se constituye mediante la renuncia que cada individuo haga de su derecho a realizar los que quiera, en favor de un hombre o de un grupo de hombres.
no exigen independencia jurídica del hombre respecto del estado, sino que estiman que éstos deben participar de la vida estatal salvo que el Estado pretenda que realicen algo indigno que les impida su fin último.
caracterizó a la soberanía como un poder supremo de la más alta jerarquía al no estar supeditado a la ley positiva ya que la misma es creada y derogada por él.
Verticales
la soberanía era una concepción de índole política que más tarde evoluciona en un concepto de índole jurídica.
desarrolla la primera teoría de la soberanía popular en el siglo XVIII, en ella afirma que el ser humano ve conveniente sacrificar parte o algo de la libertad individual y construir en virtud de un pacto una comunidad política fundada en un contrato, el contrato social.
armonizó el pensamiento aristotélico con la filosofía cristiana, derivando de ahí una doctrina en relación con la soberanía que hace provenir el poder de Dios en forma indirecta a través de la comunidad social que es su titular inmediato en contraposición a la corriente que hace descansar en la comunidad o en el pueblo la fuente del poder de una manera absoluta.
Le llama autarquía a Independencia que se funda tal vez no tanto en su naturaleza de poder supremo sino en la situación que le es propia al Estado de ser en sí mismo suficiente para satisfacer sus necesidades al Estado.
afirma que el Estado es superior al rey; y el poder de éste exige una adhesión y benevolencia constante de sus súbditos y una práctica inspirada en la justicia; está limitado por los derechos fundamentales del pueblo y debe guardar las leyes y someterse a la voluntad de Dios y a la opinión pública.
En su doctrina sobre la soberanía considera que al poder de origen divino, en su obra fundamental Tratado de las leyes y de Dios legislador, menciona que éste se encuentra de manera inmediata en los hombres que lo necesitan para regir su sociedad civil, para gobernar su Estado; pero de manera mediata procede de Dios.
EL poder dice, no es sino un estado evolucionado de la familia, siendo el gobierno una modificación del poder paterno a teoría patriarcal, ya que considera que en el seno de toda familia hay uno de sus miembros que es superior y es el que manda, y en ese sentido Adán ha sido el primer soberano”.
justifica el absolutismo diciendo que el poder proviene de Dios y aun cuando puede manifestarse en varias formas de gobierno la monarquía es el gobierno mejor, porque es el más fuerte y más unificado.
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