Las plantas acuáticas y terrestres captan, almacenan y
degradan compuestos orgánicos para dar subproductos
menos tóxicos o no tóxicos.
Entre un 40 y 60% de la materia orgánica es
transformada en lodos (biomasa) que han de
ser estabilizados o dispuestos como residuos
sólidos
Útiles para bajas DBO y produce aguas en
norma.
Este metabolismo se caracteriza por una absoluta dependencia
de la eliminación de hidrógeno, por lo que es necesaria una asociación
con las bacterias consumidoras de hidrógeno, función que desarrollan las
bacterias metanogénicas o las sulfatoreductoras en presencia de sulfatos.
Eliminar grandes cantidades de
materia orgánica soluble, que
presentan alta
En esta etapa los compuestos orgánicos solubles son convertidos en ácidos orgánicos tales como acético, propiónico y butírico, fundamentalmente.
Las plantas captan y modifican metales pesados o
compuestos orgánicos y los liberan a la atmósfera con la
transpiración.
Reducir la concentración de materiales orgánicos e inorgánicos
hasta niveles que no permitan el crecimiento de MO
Eliminar otros materiales potencialmente tóxicos
Altos requerimientos de nutrientes
Eliminar material particulado de
sólidos orgánicos e inorgánicos
Las plantas se usan para concentrar metales en las partes
cosechables (hojas y raíces).
Este es un proceso lento, constituyendo la etapa limitante del proceso de
degradación anaerobio en caso de sustratos fácilmente hidrolizables, puesto
que tanto la cinética del proceso como la velocidad de formación de nuevas
bacterias son lentas.
Eliminar material particulado de
sólidos orgánicos e inorgánicos
Verticales
Consiste en el empleo de enzimas in situ o ex situ con el fin
de degradar las sustancias nocivas y se utiliza cuando los microorganismos no pueden desarrollarse debido a la alta
toxicidad de los contaminantes.
Las raíces de las plantas se usan para absorber, precipitar
y concentrar metales pesados a partir de efluentes líquidos
contaminados y degradar compuestos orgánicos
Son efluentes líquidos contaminados
con material fecal humano o
animal u otro tipo de contaminentes industriales
Las plantas tolerantes a metales se usan para reducir la
movilidad de los mismos y evitar el pasaje a napas
subterráneas o al aire.
Pueden contener moléculas
inorgánicas y orgánicas que
pueden resultar potencialmente
peligrosas, además de microorganismos patogénicos.
En este sistema sólo un 10% de la carga orgánica es
transformada en biomasa y además se genera biogás
Útiles para altas DBO. Produce efluentes con
DBO fuera de norma DS 90
Cantidad de oxígeno disuelto consumido por
microorganismos aeróbicos para oxidar
completamente toda la materia orgánica e
inorgánica contenida en la muestra
los
productos correspondientes son convertidos en ácido acético, hidrógeno y CO2
Producción de metano que puede ser
utilizado como combustible
En esta etapa los
compuestos orgánicos son solubilizados
por enzimas excretadas por bacterias hidrolíticas que actúan en el exterior celular por
lo que se consideran exoenzimas.
Las reacciones de degradación oxidativas llevadas a cabo por
microorganismos para tratar aguas
residuales que contienen bajos niveles de materia orgánica
(aguas residuales urbanas)
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