_________is the most important regulator of the proliferation of
committed erythroid progenitors (CFU-E) and their immediate progeny.
In its absence, severe anemia is invariably present, commonly seen
in patients with renal failure.
Following intravenous injection, the complex is taken up by the reticuloendothelial system, where it dissociates into its combined elements. This drug is generally administered in daily amounts of 100–200 mg within a 14-day period to a total cumulative dose of 1000 mg. This drug appears to be better tolerated and to cause fewer adverse events than iron dextran
A carrier glycoprotein binds to vitamin B12 and delivers it to receptor sites on the brush border of the ileal mucosal cell, to which it attaches in the presence of calcium and alkaline pH, thence to be absorbed.
(Castle's gastric intrinsic factor)
Intracellular vitamin B12 is maintained as two active coenzymes: methylcobalamin and _______
Also known as vitamin B9
This deficiency is the most common nutritional cause of anemia in
humans. It can result from inadequate iron intake, malabsorption, blood loss, or an increased requirement, as with pregnancy.
Verticales
What factor is a heterodimeric (HIF-1α and HIF-1β) transcription
factor, enhances expression of multiple hypoxia-inducible genes,
such as vascular endothelial growth factor and erythropoietin. HIF-1α is
labile due to its prolyl hydroxylation and subsequent polyubiquitination
and degradation, aided by the von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) protein.
During states of hypoxia, the prolyl hydroxylase is inactive, allowing the accumulation
of HIF-1α and activating erythropoietin expression, which in turn
stimulates rapid expansion of erythroid progenitors
With anemia or hypoxemia, synthesis
rapidly increases by 100-fold or more, serum erythropoietin levels rise,
and marrow progenitor cell survival, proliferation, and maturation are
dramatically stimulated. This finely tuned feedback loop can be disrupted
by kidney disease, marrow damage, or a deficiency in:
_________is the most important regulator of the proliferation of
committed erythroid progenitors (CFU-E) and their immediate progeny.
In its absence, severe anemia is invariably present, commonly seen
in patients with renal failure.
Iron exists in the environment largely as ferric oxide, ferric hydroxide,
and polymers. In this state, its biological availability is limited unless
solubilized by ______________ or chelating agents
For the most part, this process occurs in the marrow cavities of the skull, vertebral bodies, pelvis, and proximal long bones; it involves interactions among hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells and the cells and complex macromolecules of the marrow stroma and is influenced by a number of soluble and membrane-bound hematopoietic growth factors
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