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361 Review Ch4-6. Fall '22.

Horizontales
On a death certificate, the 'final disease or condition resulting in death' is called the _____________ cause of death.
As diagnostic methods, e.g., for cancer, improve over time, the phenomenon of __________ migration may result in survival rates appearing to have improved even if treatments had not become any more effective during this time.
Regarding methods to study survival, the Kaplan-Meier method uses ________ times rather than predetermined intervals, e.g., 1 month or 1 year, to demonstrate when each death occurred.
To compare the survival of a group of individuals with a specific disease, the ____________ survival is the ratio of observed survival to the expected survival.
A synonym for 'repeatability' of a screening test is '___________' of a screening test.
True or False: Regarding screening, as the % of individuals testing negative (among all the disease-free individuals) increases, the predictive value of a negative test decreases.
In direct age adjustment, a _________ population is used in order to eliminate the effects of any differences in age between two or more populations being compared.
_____________ refers to the degree to which the results of a study can be applied to a larger population.
Among workers in a fish processing plant, 30% of all deaths were due o myocardial infarction (MI). Among workers in a brewery 10% of all deaths were due to MI. Concluding that workers in the fish processing plant had a greater risk of death due to MI than workers in the brewery may be incorrect because it is based on ___________ mortality.
Will a disease's 'apparent survival rate' increase or decrease if a new diagnostic that will detect the disease four years earlier than it is usually detected is introduced and used?
When deciding whether a screening test value is normal versus abnormal, usually there is a "_________ zone" of the distributions that is comprised of screening test results in which there is less certainty about the result because it 'falls' in the overlapping area of the 'normal' and 'abnormal' curves.
The percent of false positives is the __________ of specificity.
Verticales
An investigation in which 10 persons are each observed for 4 consecutive years generates the same number of person-years as two people who are observed for _________ years each.
In calculating a life table to quantify prognosis, persons for whom data are not available for the full period of follow-up are called withdrawals or _______ to follow-up.
The acronym DALY in epidemiology stands for '_________-adjusted life year' and is used to assess a population's burden of disease.
To express prognosis in median survival time, only ____ of the deaths of the group under observation would need to be observed.
For a disease such as pancreatic cancer that has high case- fatality and a short ________ , incidence rates and prevalence rates will be similar.
In early 1993 [Fig. 4.23], a new definition of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was introduced, and this change in AIDS' case definition resulted in a rapid rise in the # of ____________ cases.
A _________ sign is a specifically characteristic sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt.
Regarding the choice of a high or a low cutoff level for a screening test, a false ___________ screening test result may result in serious disease being missed at an early treatable stage.
Regarding causes of disease burden in low-versus high-income countries, ischemic heart disease is predominant in high-income countries in contrast to the predominance of lower _____________ infections in low-income countries.
The _____________, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program is an authoritative source of information on cancer incidence and mortality in the U.S. SEER collects and publishes cancer data from a set of 17 population-based regional cancer registries located throughout the U.S. Data on all diagnosed cancer cases in the geographical area for a cancer registry are compiled each year and submitted to SEER.
True or False: For a disease such as pancreatic cancer that is highly fatal and of short duration, incidence rates and prevalence rates will be unrelated to mortality rates.
Among a total population of 120 Laborador-Retriever (LR K-9s) rescue dogs, who worked at the collapsed World Trade Centers (WTC) in 2001 and were alive on Jan. 1, 2004, 80 deaths due to their work at the WTC occurred between Jan. 1, 2004, and midnight Dec. 31, 2004. These included 60 deaths among the 120 LR dogs with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The annual mortality rate in 2004 and the case-fatality rate from COPD in 2004 was, respectively, 66.7% and _______ percent.
Regarding diagnostic ad screening tests, a '_________ standard' is 'an external source of truth.'