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2021-22 ESS A Exam Review

Horizontales
the brightest star in the night sky
The law of ___ tells us that in an undisturbed series of rock layers, the oldest layer is at the bottom of the sequence.
Dark ___ is used to explain why the expansion rate of the universe is increasing.
The ___ of a radioactive element is the time it takes for one-half of a sample of it to decay.
After the Sun, Proxima ___ is the closest star to the Earth.
The hottest stars are ___.
The entire ___ spectrum consists of gamma rays - ultraviolet light - visible light - infrared light- microwaves and radio waves.
___ dating allows scientists to tell us the sequence of events that formed a rock structure - what came first, next, and last. Not the actual age.
The current average ___ of the universe is 3 Kelvin.
As the ___ of a main sequence star increases, so does its temperature and its brightness.
the brightest planet
The early Earth was intensely hot and molten due to heat from impacts, radioactivity, and intense bombardment by ___.
It takes ___ 8 minutes to reach Earth from the Sun.
He discovered moons orbiting Jupiter (not Earth).He also found that Venus has phases, like the Moon’s.
___ dating provides an age in years to a rock based on the decay of radioactive elements.
The layers of the Earth formed due to differences in the ___ of material in the early molten Earth.
Verticales
Nuclear ___ is the energy source for all stars. It occurs in their core.
Hubble discovered that the universe is expanding by measuring the ___ of the light from distant galaxies.
sun-centered model, where everything orbits the sun
are used to analyze the spectrum of light from stars and planets
the distance light travels in a year
He showed that the planet's orbits are elliptical (not circular).
The sun will become a red giant when it runs out of ___.
Stars are “born” in clouds of gas and dust called ___.
The speed of ___is 300,000,000 meters per second.
Stars emit all of the ___ of the electromagnetic spectrum.
model of the universe that had everything orbiting Earth, in circular orbits
The farther away a galaxy is, the ___it is moving away from us.
brightest object in the night sky
The ___ part of Earth is its solid iron core.
The ___ radiation (microwave) is an imprint of the “Big Bang” on the entire universe.
The ___ of a star’s light can tell us its temperature, composition, whether it is moving towards us or away from us, and how fast it is rotating.
Main sequence stars, like the Sun, are fusing ___ into helium in their core.
The universe is almost 14 ___ years old.
The square of a planet’s orbital ___is equal to the cube of its average distance from the sun in AU.
Once it has run out of helium, it will stop all fusion, shed its outer layers, and become a ___ dwarf.